Shell

Lab expts sem 6 AIML TW1 - DFID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 from collections import defaultdict class Graph: def __init__(self, vertices): self.V = vertices self.graph = defaultdict(list) def addEdge(self, u, v): self.graph[u].append(v) def DLS(self, src, target, maxDepth, visited): visited.append(src) # Add the current node to visited if src == target: return True, visited if maxDepth <= 0: return False, visited for i in self.graph[src]: found, visited = self.DLS(i, target, maxDepth - 1, visited) if found: return True, visited return False, visited def IDDFS(self, src, target, maxDepth): visited = [] # Initialize the visited list for i in range(maxDepth + 1): # Include maxDepth level found, visited = self.DLS(src, target, i, visited) if found: return True, visited return False, visited # Create a graph g = Graph(7) g.addEdge(0, 1) g.addEdge(0, 2) g.addEdge(1, 3) g.addEdge(1, 4) g.addEdge(2, 5) g.addEdge(2, 6) target = 6 maxDepth = 3 src = 0 found, visited = g.IDDFS(src, target, maxDepth) if found: print("Target is reachable from source within max depth") print("Visited nodes:", visited) else: print("Target is NOT reachable from source within max depth") print("Visited nodes:", visited) TW2 - BFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 # Python3 Program to print BFS traversal # from a given source vertex. BFS(int s) # traverses vertices reachable from s. from collections import defaultdict # This class represents a directed graph # using adjacency list representation class Graph: # Constructor def __init__(self): # Default dictionary to store graph self.graph = defaultdict(list) # Function to add an edge to graph def addEdge(self, u, v): self.graph[u].append(v) # Function to print a BFS of graph def BFS(self, s): # Mark all the vertices as not visited visited = [False] * (max(self.graph) + 1) # Create a queue for BFS queue = [] # Mark the source node as # visited and enqueue it queue.append(s) visited[s] = True while queue: # Dequeue a vertex from # queue and print it s = queue.pop(0) print(s, end=" ") # Get all adjacent vertices of the # dequeued vertex s. # If an adjacent has not been visited, # then mark it visited and enqueue it for i in self.graph[s]: if not visited[i]: queue.append(i) visited[i] = True # Driver code if __name__ == '__main__': # Create a graph given in # the above diagram g = Graph() g.addEdge(0, 1) g.addEdge(0, 2) g.addEdge(1, 2) g.addEdge(2, 0) g.addEdge(2, 3) g.addEdge(3, 3) print("Following is Breadth First Traversal" " (starting from vertex 2)") g.BFS(2) # This code is contributed by Neelam Yadav # This code is modified by Susobhan Akhuli TW3 - A* algorithm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 import heapq # tw3 def astar(graph, start, goal): # priority queue to store nodes to be explored open_list = [(0, start)] # dictionary to store parent nodes parents = {} # dictionary to store g values (cost from start node to current node) g_values = {node: float('inf') for node in graph} g_values[start] = 0 # dictionary to store f values (estimated total cost from start to goal) f_values = {node: float('inf') for node in graph} f_values[start] = graph[start][1] iteration = 0 while open_list: # get node with minimum f value current_f, current_node = heapq.heappop(open_list) # check if current node is the goal if current_node == goal: path = [] while current_node in parents: path.append(current_node) current_node = parents[current_node] path.append(start) final_cost = g_values[goal] print(f"\nFinal Cost: {final_cost}") return path[::-1] # explore neighbors for child, cost in graph[current_node][0].items(): # calculate tentative g value tentative_g = g_values[current_node] + cost if tentative_g < g_values[child]: # update parent and g values parents[child] = current_node g_values[child] = tentative_g f_values[child] = tentative_g + graph[child][1] # add child to open list heapq.heappush(open_list, (f_values[child], child)) iteration += 1 print(f"\nIteration {iteration}:") print("Current Path:", reconstruct_path(parents, start, current_node)) print(f"Evaluation Function Value for {current_node}: {f_values[current_node]}") # Function to reconstruct the path from start to goal using parent nodes def reconstruct_path(parents, start, goal): path = [goal] while goal != start: goal = parents[goal] path.append(goal) return path[::-1] # Example usage: start_node = 'A' goal_node = 'G' graph = { 'A': [{'B': 5, 'C': 10}, 10], 'B': [{'D': 5, 'E': 5}, 7], 'C': [{'F': 5}, 7], 'D': [{'G': 10}, 3], 'E': [{'G': 7}, 2], 'F': [{'G': 8}, 1], 'G': [{}, 0] } print("\nA* Search Path:") path = astar(graph, start_node, goal_node) print("Final Path:", path) USP Running a code We shall use fedora to run most of the code. The code will be written in ANSI C and. To run the code, we shall use the following commands: ...

Windows prompts PowerShell PowerShell is a command-line shell and scripting language built on the .NET Framework. It is the successor to the Command Prompt. Commands are called cmdlets and are written in the form Verb-Noun. For example, Get-ChildItem lists the contents of a directory. There are a few aliases for common commands, such as ls for Get-ChildItem and rm for Remove-Item. Write-Output: Prints a line in the shell New-Item: Creates a new file within the same directory Get-Content: Reads the contents of a file Set-Content: Writes the contents of a file Remove-Item: Deletes a file Get-ChildItem: Lists the contents of a directory Command Alias Description Write-Output echo Prints a line in the shell New-Item touch Creates a new file within the same directory Get-Content type Reads the contents of a file Set-Content echo Writes the contents of a file Remove-Item del Deletes a file Get-ChildItem dir Lists the contents of a directory CMD echo <line>: Prints a line in the shell type <file>: Reads the contents of a file file operations copy <source> <target>: Copies a file move <source> <target>: Moves a file del <file>: Deletes a file dir: Lists the contents of a directory cd commands: required to change the current directory cd <dir>: Changes the current directory cd ..: Changes the current directory to the parent directory cd: Changes the current directory to the home directory mkdir <dir>: Creates a new directory system boot options shutdown /s: Shuts down the system shutdown /r: Restarts the system shutdown /l: Logs off the current user shutdown /h: Hibernates the system shutdown /a: Aborts the system shutdown computer processes tasklist: Lists all running processes taskkill /pid <pid>: Kills a process by its PID taskkill /im <name>: Kills a process by its name network operations ipconfig: Lists the network configuration ping <host>: Pings a host software management Note: These commands may require administrator privileges winget install <package>: Installs a package winget uninstall <package>: Uninstalls a package winget search <package>: Searches for a package winget show <package>: Shows information about a package winget source: Lists the package sources winget source add <source>: Adds a package source winget source remove <source>: Removes a package source system information systeminfo: Lists the system information systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"OS Name" /C:"OS Version": Lists the OS information systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"System Boot Time": Lists the system boot time systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"System Manufacturer" /C:"System Model": Lists the system manufacturer and model systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"Total Physical Memory": Lists the total physical memory systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"Available Physical Memory": Lists the available physical memory systeminfo | findstr /B /C:"Virtual Memory: Max Size": Lists the maximum virtual memory computer troubleshooting sfc /scannow: Scans the system for corrupted files chkdsk: Scans the system for corrupted disks dism /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth: Scans the system for corrupted images dism /online /cleanup-image /startcomponentcleanup: Cleans up the system dism /online /cleanup-image /startcomponentcleanup /resetbase: Cleans up the system and resets the base dism /online /cleanup-image /restorehealth /source:<source>: Scans the system for corrupted images using a source dism /online /cleanup-image /startcomponentcleanup /resetbase /source:<source>: Cleans up the system and resets the base using a source Batch files A batch file is a text file containing a series of commands to be executed by the command interpreter. It is similar to a shell script. Batch files have the .bat extension. ...

Linux/UNIX shell commands The UNIX shell is a command-line interface made for interacting with the OS. There are various commands to execute this. Note: The current documentaiton is based on Ububtu and similar debian bases operating systems. File systems The linux file system is a tree structure with the root directory at the top. The root directory is denoted by /. The directories are separated by / and the files are separated by .. The file system is case sensitive. The file system is made up of the following: ...